A: Some ‘experts’ out there are of the ‘you pay, we say’ variety and love it when no good definition of the evidence (crush measurements, scene photos, etc). Easier for them to be flexible and ‘say’ whatever their client wants!
Most CRASH residual crush coefficients are based on a single test at 35 MPH and an assumption of 4-5 mph ‘no-damage’ intercept.
Think about that:
- Every car in the showroom has a 4-5 mph crush damage based on CRASH 'no damage intercept' analysis!
Definitely a ‘first approximation’ technique.
Also
CRASH does not include any consideration for restitution which could be a factor in low speed collisions.
- See Effects of Restitution in the Application of Crush Coefficients
- From that paper
- "Restitution acts to reduce the amount of residual deformation, for a given maximum dynamic crush, while also acting to increase the total impact speed change.
Thus, substantially different vehicles can share nearly equal slopes and intercepts in CRASH-type plots of the approach period speed-change as a function of residual crush.
This can occur even though the actual exposure severity for a given residual crush may be significantly different."
- "Restitution acts to reduce the amount of residual deformation, for a given maximum dynamic crush, while also acting to increase the total impact speed change.
- From that paper
- CRASH was created for NHTSA to aid in their NASS studies as a simple pre-processor for initial approximations for speeds to then run the more sophisticated SMAC program
- Raymond R. McHenry combined Damage analysis and simple momentum equations to provide a first approximation. Because NHTSA liked its simplicity and small cost per run* they accepted the possible errors because of their large sample size for their NASS study and expected that the errors would wash out (they were mainly looking for trends)
It can be a good first approximation, it can be bad, it is what it is.
Also see _______________
Footnote:
*NOTE:CRASH was created in the early 1970s on time-share Mainframe computers and was a lot cheaper to run than the SMAC program)